Appendix C

Letter to parent/guardian

Executive summary of results for parents

Letter to parent/guardian

Dear Parent/Guardian:

The <insert name of university> would like to thank you for allowing your child(ren) to participate in our youth gambling survey. Our research team has received a lot of positive feedback from the schools and students who participated in it. Teachers, students and parents have indicated that the survey and information provided served as a useful tool by creating awareness and educating students about youth gambling issues.

The results of this survey from <insert number of schools> schools indicated that the prevalence rate of youth gambling is the same as shown in studies across North America. Some students responded that they are non-gamblers who gamble occasionally. This may indicate that some confusion exists about what activities constitute gambling. Students whose answers indicate they are at risk (15%) or are experiencing problems around gambling (6%) are about the same as shown in other studies.

Those who gamble and those who don't have different perceptions of the dangers. Not surprisingly, non-gamblers see gambling more negatively, and gamblers focus on the positive outcomes. Both groups believe that some luck is involved in gambling.

Risky behaviours seem to go together; gamblers are more likely to use alcohol, smoke cigarettes or be involved in drug use. Of those who are experiencing problems around gambling, 80% are male and 20% female. Again, this is consistent with other studies.

One of the challenges in dealing with youth problem gambling is convincing adolescents to seek help. An interesting finding in our study showed that all teenagers who admitted to having a gambling problem were told by someone else they had a gambling problem. This suggests that good communication within the family unit is important, that counsellors have a role to play, and even the observations of peers can help an individual recognize a gambling problem.

As promised, our research team would like to share with you some of the key findings from our survey.

Survey responses

Prevalence rate of teen gambling in the Niagara region:

• 28% of high school students reported that they have never gambled
• 72% reported that they do gamble

Frequency of gambling among teens in the past year:

• 25.2% reported that they have not gambled at all in the past year
• 31.4% reported gambling a few times in the past year
• 22.5% reported gambling at least once a month
• 9.2% reported gambling at least once a week
• 1.7% reported gambling every day
• 9.7% did not answer this question

Preferred gambling activities:

Preferred gambling activities:

• The majority of teens reported they played lottery tickets and instant-win tickets.
• Teens most frequently engage in gambling activities such as cards, darts or pool for money as well as sports pools and Pro-Line.

Self-perception of gambling behaviours:

• 26.3% of teens labelled themselves as a non-gamblers
• 46.9% of teens labelled themselves as non-gamblers who gamble sometimes
• 18.5% of teens labelled themselves as occasional gamblers; 6.6% as regular gamblers; 1.7% as problem gamblers

Beliefs about the positive outcomes and negative consequences of gambling:

• Gamblers were more likely to believe that gambling has positive outcomes.

Occasional gamblers were more likely than non-gamblers to believe that gambling has positive consequences.

• Non-gamblers saw more negative consequences associated with gambling than occasional gamblers and regular gamblers.

Temptation to gamble:

• Gamblers felt a greater temptation to gamble under both positive outcomes and negative circumstances compared to occasional and non-gamblers.

Skill versus luck:

• Gamblers more frequently believed that skill was needed to be a good gambler than non- gamblers and occasional gamblers did.
• All groups believed that a little bit of luck was needed to be a good gambler.

Alcohol use, drug use and smoking among teens that gamble:

• Gamblers reported more alcohol use, drug use and cigarette smoking in comparison to non-gamblers and occasional gamblers.

Clinical measures of teen gambling, according to an adolescent screening tool used to assess level of gambling severity:

• 6% of the students surveyed were identified as gambling at problematic levels
• 20% of these students were female and 80% were male
• Very few of these teens labelled themselves as problem gamblers.

Summary

This information indicates that there is a need for effective prevention/education and harm reduction interventions that can possibly serve to protect youth against gambling problems. We plan to use this information to guide the development of such programs and to ensure that these programs meet the needs of youth in <insert name of region>.

The results of the <insert name of survey> suggest that education about responsible gambling is important, that family plays a role in developing appropriate attitudes, and that our youth need some protection. They also need the opportunity to develop their own defences against the possibility of developing gambling problems.

If you have any questions about the results of this study please contact <insert name of contact person>. A 20-page descriptive report of this research is available for your review at the office of your child(ren)'s school or you can download this report from our Web site at <insert Web address>.

Thank you again for your allowing your child(ren) to participate in this research project.

Sincerely,

Executive summary

(Sample) Table of contents

1.1       Who was surveyed?

A total of 2,252 students (1,067 or 47.8% were girls and 1,163 or 52.2% were boys) from nine high schools in the Niagara Region completed surveys for this study. The remaining 22 students did not indicate their gender. Students came from all grades, and their average age was 15.4 years.

Most of these students engaged in after-school activities, only 10% reported doing nothing after school. Sports, clubs or work were the most common after-school activities. The majority of students indicated that their school grades were good, and three-quarters of all students said their overall average exceeded 70%.

1.2       What is gambling?

The cover page of the survey offered students this definition of gambling: "Gambling is betting money, or anything of value on activities such as Sports Select/Pro-Line, lottery tickets, scratch tickets, slot machines, poker machines, card games, dice games, sports pools, games of skill (like pool or darts), arcade and video games and Internet betting games."

1.3       Who has gambled?

Students were asked when, if ever, they had first gambled. In response to this question, about one-quarter (28%) said they had never gambled. Among the 72% who had gambled, most started gambling between the ages of 8 and 12, the average age was 10. Similarly, when asked how often they had gambled in the past year, about one-quarter (25.2%) said they had not gambled at all. Nearly one-third (31.4%) said they had gambled a few times in total. Almost one-quarter (22.5%) gambled at least once a month, 9.2% gambled at least once a week and 1.7% gambled every day.

1.4       How do teens gamble?

The students were given a list of 16 gambling or betting activities and asked to check all the activities they had done in the past year. Figure 1 (below) shows the different types of gambling activities that students engaged in.

1.5       Figure 1: Percent of students engaging in various gambling/betting activities [KL1]

1.6       Self-perceptions of gambling

To determine how teens perceived their own gambling behaviours, we asked them to describe their gambling according to one of five categories, as shown in Table 1 (below).

1.7       Table 1: How teens see their own gambling status

As Table 1 shows, about one-quarter of teens label themselves as non-gamblers who never gamble. This is consistent with earlier responses also showing that one-quarter of teens had not gambled in the past year, if ever. On the other hand, nearly half of all students describe themselves as "non-gamblers who gamble sometimes." These students may be purchasing lottery tickets, playing cards for money, participating in sports pools or engaging in other types of betting activities without realizing that they're gambling. Some of these teens will progress to more serious, potentially problematic levels of gambling.

Students were grouped based on their gambling frequency and perceived gambling status. Non-gamblers were students who indicated they had not gambled in the past year, and who saw themselves as non-gamblers who never gamble. Occasional gamblers included students who gambled, but not regularly. Gamblers were students who reported gambling at least once a month, and who saw themselves as occasional, regular or problem gamblers.

The three groups of gamblers were compared in terms of their attitudes toward gambling, temptations to gamble and beliefs about the involvement of skill and luck in gambling. These comparisons are presented in Figures 2 and 3 (below).

2.1       Figure 2: Teens' beliefs about the positive outcomes of gambling

2.2       Figure 3: Teens' beliefs about the negative consequences of gambling

Gamblers were more likely than occasional gamblers to believe that gambling has positive outcomes, and occasional gamblers were more likely than non-gamblers to believe that gambling has positive outcomes. Non-gamblers saw more negative consequences than either gamblers or occasional gamblers.

Compared to the other two groups, gamblers felt more tempted to gamble under both positive circumstances (e.g., when feeling good or socializing) and negative circumstances (e.g., when feeling stressed, after already losing money). On a four-point scale with 1 representing "not at all tempted" and 4 representing "very tempted," gamblers' scores for positive circumstances ranged from 2.4 to 2.8, while occasional and non-gamblers' scores ranged from 1.2 to 1.7. The single exception was that occasional gamblers scored 2.1 for wanting to gamble when feeling lucky. For negative circumstances, gamblers' scores ranged from 1.5 to 2.1, while the other two groups had scores of 1.2 to 1.7.

Students were asked to rate how much skill is needed to be a good gambler. Gamblers felt that some skill was needed; on average they chose a 4.0 score. Non-gamblers and occasional gamblers, on the other hand, believed less skill was needed; on average they chose 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Surprisingly, all three groups agreed that a little bit of luck is needed to be a good gambler. On average, for this attribute, they all chose close to 4.6.

2.3       Risky behaviours among non-gamblers, occasional gamblers and gamblers

In adolescence, teens often engage in risk-taking behaviours. Furthermore, risky behaviours tend to encourage other high-risk behaviours. As shown in the following table, drinking, drug use and smoking are often associated with gambling.

2.4       Table 2: How often non-gamblers, occasional gamblers and gamblers engage in risky behaviours

In addition to using self-reporting  'to identify students' level of gambling, this study also used a classification measuring system called the South Oaks Gambling Scale-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA). This measure classifies adolescents into three categories: (1) gamblers with no problems; (2) gamblers at risk of having problems; and (3) problem gamblers.

The SOGS-RA is commonly used by clinicians to determine an adolescent's level of gambling severity. Teens who answer yes to at least five of the 11 SOGS-RA statements are classified as gambling at a problematic level (meaning that their gambling has caused social, emotional or financial problems for them). Figure 4 (below) illustrates the percentage of teens who answered yes to each of the 11 SOGS-RA questions.

These findings illustrate that boys scored considerably higher than girls on every SOGS-RA question, and 6% of students are already gambling at problematic levels. Of these teens, who were identified as gambling at problematic levels, 20% were girls and 80% were boys.

3.1       Most teens classified by the SOGS-RA as gambling problematically  underestimate the severity of their gambling

This study examined whether teens classified as problem gamblers by the SOGS-RA perceived themselves as problem gamblers. Among teens classified as problem gamblers, only 14% recognized that they were gambling at problematic levels, 5% saw themselves as non-gamblers who never gamble, 13% saw themselves as non-gamblers who gamble sometimes, 28% saw themselves as occasional gamblers and 33% saw themselves as gamblers. Thus, teens that are considered to be gambling at problematic levels are more likely to perceive themselves as gamblers rather than problem gamblers.

3.2       Differences between teens who recognize the severity of their gambling and those who do not

Characteristics of teens who did and did not accurately identify their problematic gambling were examined. Teens who accurately perceived their problematic gambling reported significantly higher rates of involvement in many gambling activities (see Figure 5). Many teens failed to recognize their problems. The average age for problematic gambling, which was identified by the SOGS-RA, was 15.

3.3       Figure 4: Percentage of affirmative responses to the SOGS-RA questions as a function of   gender

3.4       Figure 5: Comparison of the kinds of gambling preferred by problematic gamblers identified only by the SOGS-RA vs. SOGS-RA and self-identified problematic gamblers

In addition, teens who accurately identified themselves reported more alcohol and drug use and less involvement in after-school activities (e.g., work, sports, clubs, etc.) in comparison to their counterparts. These teens also reported gambling at an earlier age and placing larger bets when gambling. Table 3 (below) outlines these differences in more detail.

3.5       Table 3: Comparison of problematic gamblers identified by the SOGS-RA vs. SOGS-RA and self-identified problematic gamblers on various factors

It was thought that the teens who accurately identified themselves might have higher scores on the SOGS-RA in comparison to the teens that did not accurately self-identify, assuming that the former group may have an increased awareness of their gambling severity. Indeed, those teens who accurately self-identified scored (on average) 8/11 on the SOGS-RA while those teens who did not scored (on average) 6/11. A score of five or more (answering yes to five or more questions) out of 11 indicates problematic gambling. Figure 6 illustrates these differences by identifying specific questions from the SOGS-RA which these two groups differed significantly.

3.6       Figure 6: Comparison of problematic gamblers identified by the SOGS-RA vs. the SOGS-RA and self-identified problematic gamblers on questions from the SOGS-RA

While all of these differences remain limited by the small number of teens who gamble at problem levels (120 students), the significant differences that have been reported by accurate self-identifiers (e.g., placing large bets, engaging in a multitude of gambling activities, gambling at an early age, feeling bad about their gambling) may be contributing factors in their greater level of awareness, compared to teens that did not accurately self-identify.

3.7       Do teens who gamble problematically want to quit or reduce their gambling?

While it may appear that the students who accurately self-identify have a greater awareness of their problem in comparison to those who did not accurately self-identify, no differences were found in their responses to the question "Do you plan to stop gambling in the next six months?" Twelve per cent of teens who accurately identified themselves as problem gamblers indicated that they wanted to quit in the next six months, while 15% of teens that did not accurately identify themselves as problem gamblers indicated that they wanted to quit. When asked "Do you want to reduce your gambling in the next six months?" none of the teens who accurately identified themselves wanted to reduce their gambling, while some (21%) teens who did not accurately self-identify indicated that they wanted to reduce their gambling in the next six months.

This study provides preliminary data on patterns of gambling behaviour in teens along a continuum from experimental to problem gambling. The current research examines the types of gambling activities teens participate in, the pros and cons teens associate with gambling, how tempted teens are to gamble, risky behaviours associated with gambling and how teens perceive their own gambling behaviours. In addition, individual differences were examined among teens who classified themselves as problem gamblers. It is our intent that findings from this study will be used to guide the development of youth gambling prevention, education and treatment interventions.

In terms of teens' gambling behaviours, this survey revealed that a large percentage of teens (72%) in the Niagara Region do gamble. The range of gambling activities was broad-based and showed high participation rates in lottery tickets, instant-win tickets, raffles and games of skill, such as card games, sports betting and betting money on games of pool or darts. Most research thus far has also found high rates of youth participation in these gambling activities (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998; Jacobs, 2000). In this study, the top four gambling activities that boys participated in were scratch tickets, betting on sports teams, raffles and playing games of skill for money. The top four gambling activities that girls participated in were scratch tickets, raffles, break-open tickets and bingo. Past research that has examined gambling preferences among youth has consistently found that boys prefer games of skill and girls prefer games of luck (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998; Jacobs, 2000).

A majority (72%) of the teens in this study indicated that they gambled in the past year; however, most of them labelled themselves as non-gamblers who gamble sometimes. Very few teens perceived themselves as occasional gamblers, regular gamblers or problem gamblers. This is not surprising given the fact that people often identify themselves with labels that differ from the way they behave (Tagliacozzo, 1979). For example, how many cigarettes would it take to call yourself a smoker? It is possible that teens may perceive themselves as non-gamblers who gamble sometimes because they participate in only a few gambling activities or because they do not consider what they do as gambling. In fact, results from this study show that teens who perceived themselves as non-gamblers who gamble sometimes participated in fewer gambling activities than teens who perceived themselves as occasional, regular or problem gamblers. Past research has suggested that activities such as instant-win tickets may not be viewed as gambling because they are easily accessible, often based on childhood games (such as Monopoly or Battleship), easy for underage youth to purchase illegally and often given to teens by well-intentioned family members (Korn & Shaffer, 1999). It is important to keep in mind that the activity of gambling in itself does not necessarily lead to a gambling problem. However, these findings further exemplify the need to develop prevention and education materials that will create more public awareness and allow youth and their families to make healthy decisions about their gambling behaviours.

Another dimension of this study examined teens' beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of gambling as well as their temptation to gamble. These factors were examined along a continuum of non-gambling, occasional gambling and gambling. Teens were grouped into these categories based on their reported gambling frequency and perceived gambling status. Findings showed that gamblers were more tempted to gamble and more likely to associate positive consequences with gambling in comparison to teens in the remaining categories.

Future research is needed to determine whether these beliefs lead teens to gamble more or if gambling frequently leads to adopting these beliefs. Some researchers have suggested that a teen's first big win can lead to several cognitive distortions regarding the odds of winning and the positive outcomes of gambling (Stinchfield & Winters, 1998). Moreover, it is reasonable to expect that some teens may attribute more positive consequences than negative consequences to gambling since the costs of gambling for teens are very different than those for adults. Unlike their adult counterparts, teens do not often have a job or spouse to lose nor do they incur such large debts. Together, these findings emphasize the value in educating teens about the odds of winning and the negative consequences associated with problem gambling. Prevention programs that are aimed at teaching teens the definition of gambling, the odds of winning at gambling and the problems that arise from problematic gambling may help teens to make healthier, more informed choices, and in turn, reduce the harm associated with youth gambling.

The examination of risky behaviours and gambling was emphasized in this study. Overall, findings indicate that risky behaviours tend to cluster; teens who were categorized as gamblers (based on frequency of gambling and self-perceived gambling status) reported more alcohol use, drug use and cigarette use in comparison to their counterparts. When examining the percentage of teens who reported using alcohol and drugs three to seven times a week, differences between groups (non-gamblers, occasional gamblers and gamblers) were greatly magnified in comparison to group differences where substance use was less frequent. These results indicate that substance abuse and gambling problems are closely related.

Many other studies have also found that rates of alcohol, drug and cigarette use tend to be highest among teens with moderate and severe gambling problems compared to non-gamblers or at-risk gamblers (Griffiths & Sutherland, 1998; Ladouceur, Dube & Bujold, 1994; Vitaro, Ferland, Jacques & Ladouceur, 1998). Previous studies have shown that gambling and substance use are linked in a network of other youthful problem behaviours (e.g., delinquency) (Proimos, Durant, Pierce & Goodman, 1998). It is evident that further research is needed to better understand the relationship between gambling and substance use among adolescents. More research can help determine whether gambling increases substance use, substance use increases gambling or other factors influence both of these patterns. Although more comprehensive research is needed, these preliminary findings have potentially important implications for the design of interventions aimed at preventing or treating problem gambling in teens. For example, these results highlight the need to screen adolescents seeking treatment for alcohol and drug problems for gambling problems and to screen adolescents seeking gambling treatment for alcohol and drug problems.

This study also examines the prevalence of problem gambling in this sample of teens. Students completed a survey measure, called the SOGS-RA, which is used by clinicians to determine an adolescent's level of gambling severity. Using the SOGS-RA, six per cent of teens from this study were identified as gambling at problematic levels. Comparisons were made to determine if teens who were classified as problem gamblers according to the SOGS-RA also identified themselves as problem gamblers. Results showed that the majority of teens who were identified as gambling at problematic levels (by the SOGS-RA) perceived themselves as regular gamblers, and only 14% of them perceived themselves as problem gamblers. Individual differences between teens who did perceive themselves as problem gamblers and teens who did not perceive themselves as problem gamblers were examined. Many interesting results were found. For example, teens who did perceive themselves as problem gamblers reported higher rates of involvement in many gambling activities, gambled at an earlier age, placed larger bets, indicated higher rates of substance use and were less involved in school activities than their counterparts. Of interest, all 14% of teens who perceived themselves as problem gamblers reported that others told them they had a gambling problem. Given these findings, it is possible that the combination of the above factors (e.g., being told they have a problem, placing large bets, etc.) may be responsible for the increased awareness that these teens have about their gambling behaviours. Thus, developing interventions that allow teens the opportunity to examine these different factors (or life areas) may raise awareness and assist teens in evaluating their gambling behaviours.

Surprisingly, teens that did not self-identify accurately as problem gamblers expressed more of an interest in reducing or quitting their gambling in comparison to their counterparts. A larger sample of problem gamblers is needed to further explore these results. These findings may explain the low percentage of teens who seek treatment for their gambling problems. Perhaps those teens who recognize they are gambling problematically do not want to change. Further research is needed in this area. It is important to note that this study also asked teens "If you think you have a gambling problem why don't you seek help to reduce your gambling?" Few teens answered this question; therefore the results are not representative. Future studies that attempt to examine if problem gamblers want to quit or reduce their gambling and whether or not teens want to seek treatment is important as it will help guide the development of effective interventions.

The present study attempts to better understand adolescents' patterns of gambling behaviour from experimental to problem gambling. Findings from this research can be used as baseline data that can guide further research aimed at developing effective education/prevention and treatment interventions that meet the needs of youth. The authors acknowledge that more comprehensive research needs to be carried out to further explore adolescent gambling and effective strategies that can be used to develop youth gambling interventions. While data from this study is preliminary, further analyses will be conducted and published in the form of a monograph at a later date. It is predicted that the findings from this study in combination with findings from future studies will be helpful in guiding the development of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing youth gambling problems.

If you have any questions concerning the findings that are outlined in this report, or if you are interested in further results, please contact Ms. Jennifer McPhee, Project Manager of the Youth Gambling Research Initiative, by phone at (905) 688-5550, ext. 4566 or by e-mail at jmcphee@arnie.pec.brocku.ca.

If you are interested in learning more about the issues around youth gambling, please refer to any of the following Web sites or the references cited at the end of this report.

Youth Gambling Web sites:

www.gamblingresearch.org

www.camh.net/egambling

www.responsiblegambling.org

www.education.mcgill.ca/gambling

www.aadac.com

www.ccsa.ca

www.thewager.org

Free, confidential counselling services are available for persons with gambling problems at the N.A.D.A.S. Problem Gambling Program located in St. Catharines, Ontario. Please call (905) 684-1183 to arrange for an appointment. Free telephone counselling is also available at the Problem Gambling Hotline (24-hour service) at (905) 684-1859.

Griffiths, M. & Sutherland, I. (1998). Adolescent gambling and drug use. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 423-427.

Gupta, R. & Derevensky, J.L. (1998). Adolescent gambling behavior: A prevalence study and examination of the correlates with problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14 (4), 319-345.

Jacobs, D.F. (2000). Juvenile gambling in North America: An analysis of long-term trends and future prospects. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16, 119-149.

Korn, D. & Shaffer, H.J. (1999). Gambling and the health of the public: Adopting a public health perspective. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15, 289-365.

Ladouceur, R., Dube, D. & Bujold, A. (1994). Prevalence of pathological gamblers and related problems among college students in the Quebec metropolitan areas. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 289-293.

Proimos, J., DuRant, R.H., Pierce, J.D. & Goodman, E. (1998). Gambling and other risk behaviors among 8th-12th grade students. Pediatrics, 102, 1-6.

Stinchfield, R. & Winters, K.C. (1998). Gambling and problem gambling among youth. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 556, 172-185.

Tagliacozzo, R. (1979). Smokers' self-categorization and the reduction of cognitive dissonance. Addictive Behaviors, 4, 393-399.

Vitaro, F., Ferland, F., Jacques, C. & Ladouceur, R. (1998). Gambling, substance use, and impulsivity during adolescence. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 12, 185-194.