The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector

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Annex B
Influenza Pandemic Planning Considerations in On Reserve First Nations Communities

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

• 1.1 Abbreviations and Definitions

2. Responsibilities for Planning for and Responding to an Influenza Pandemic in On Reserve First Nations Communities

• 2.1 Health Canada (HC)
• 2.2 Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
• 2.3 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
• 2.4 Provinces
• 2.5 First Nations Communities

3. Preparedness Considerations in On Reserve First Nations Communities

• 3.1 Surveillance
• 3.2 Vaccines
• 3.3 Antiviral's
• 3.4 Health Services Emergency Planning
  • 3.4.1 Health Care Services in Canada
  • 3.4.2 Health Care Providers
  • 3.4.3 Pandemic Planning Considerations for On Reserve First Nations Communities
  • 3.4.4 Clinical Care for Influenza-Like-Illness in On Reserve First Nations Communities
• 3.5 Public Health Measures
• 3.6 Public Communications
• 3.7 Psychosocial Considerations
• 3.8 Ethic

4. Conclusion

References

Appendix 1: FNIH Regional Contacts

1. Introduction

The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector (CPIP) is a guidance document developed to assist in the preparation for and response to an influenza pandemic in all jurisdictions in Canada. The purpose of Annex B is to provide guidance to pandemic planners, at all levels of government, regarding influenza pandemic considerations in on reserve First Nations communities. The targeted audiences for this Annex are on reserve First Nations community health planners and tribal councils, as well as public health departments, regional health authorities and the provinces.

Being well prepared is critical to ensuring that on reserve First Nations communities can mitigate the effects of an influenza pandemic. Incorporating the broad range of considerations outlined in this annex into influenza pandemic plans will support an effective response. It is important that influenza pandemic plans be incorporated into larger emergency response plans within the community to guarantee a coordinated community response. The annex highlights the importance for on reserve First Nations communities to work with their neighbouring communities and regional, provincial and federal governments to develop, test and implement their influenza pandemic plans.

As in the CPIP, the following components of pandemic preparedness will be addressed in Annex B: surveillance, vaccines, antivirals, health services emergency planning, public health measures and communications. Also outlined are the responsibilities of on reserve First Nations communities, provincial governments and the federal government for the delivery of health services in the event of an influenza pandemic in on reserve First Nations communities. The reader is referred to other annexes to support effective planning. It is important to consider the many variations that exist among jurisdictions in the delivery of health service for on reserve First Nations communities. This document is not meant to be a “cookie-cutter” template for all jurisdictions; it is meant to provide broad guidance to pandemic planners. Further discussions among all levels of government are required to address provincial and regional variations in planning.

1.1 Abbreviations and Definitions

Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Description
CPIP	Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector
FNIHB	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada
FNIH	First Nations and Inuit Health, Health Canada
HC	Health Canada
HCW	Health care worker
ILI	Influenza-like illness
MOH	Medical Officer of Health
PPE	Personal protective equipment
PHAC	Public Health Agency of Canada
SARS	Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Definitions

Abbreviation	Description
Aboriginal	The term "Aboriginal" describes a descendant of the original inhabitants of North America. The Canadian Constitution recognizes three groups of Aboriginal people – First Nations, Métis and Inuit. These are three separate peoples with unique heritages, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs.1
Alternative care site	An alternative care site is a site that is currently not an established health care site, or is an established health care site that usually offers a different type or level of care.2
Band Council	The Band Council is the governing body of a band or First Nation. It usually consists of a chief and councillors, who are elected for two- or three-year terms (under the Indian Act or band custom) to carry out band business, including the provision of health and social services.1
Canada Health Act	The Canada Health Act is a piece of Canadian federal legislation, adopted in 1984, that lists the conditions and criteria to which the provinces and territories must conform in order to receive the full amount of negotiated transfer payments relating to health care. The legislation encourages the provinces to maintain public health insurance plans for their residents and discourages the use of extra-billing and user fees in health care delivery.3
First Nations	The term "First Nations" came into common usage in the late 1970s to replace the word "Indian", which many people found offensive. Although the term "First Nations" is widely used, no legal definition of it exists. The term "First Nations" has also been adopted to replace the word "Band" in community names. Both status and non-status Indian people in Canada are referred to as First Nations people(s).1
First Nations Health Centre	A health centre is a field unit staffed by one or more community health nurses and support personnel to carry out disease prevention and health promotion activities in the community. A health centre is normally located in a non-isolated community.4
First Nations Nursing Station	A nursing station is a field unit located in an isolated community where there is no road access to other health care facilities. Nursing stations house field unit staff of two or more community health nurses and other support and primary health care staff organized to carry out primary health care services, including urgent care, short-term in-patient care and public/community health care.4
Health Portfolio	The Health Portfolio supports the Federal Minister of Health in maintaining and improving the health of Canadians. It includes Health Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Hazardous Materials Information Review Commission, the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board and Assisted Human Reproduction Canada.5
Indian Act	The Indian Act is Canadian federal legislation that sets out certain obligations of the federal government toward Registered First Nations people. It also regulates the management of Indian reserve lands and assets.1
Influenza pandemic	An influenza pandemic is the worldwide outbreak of a specific disease to which people have little or no immunity.6
Interpandemic period	The interpandemic period is the interval between the last pandemic and the onset of the Pandemic Alert Period. During this period no new virus subtypes have been detected in humans, although an influenza virus subtype that has caused human infection may be present in animals.7
Isolated	The term "isolated" describes a geographical area that has scheduled flights and good telephone services; however, it is without year-round road access.8
Medical Officer of Health	A Medical Officer of Health is a physician who is appointed by a regional health authority or designated by a provincial Minister pursuant to statute as a Medical Officer of Health, and includes the Chief Medical Officer and the Deputy Chief Medical Officer.9
Pandemic influenza	Pandemic influenza refers to an influenza virus changing and becoming a new strain against which people have little or no immunity; this new strain is easily spread from person to person.6
Primary care	Primary care is the element within primary health care that focuses on health care services, including health promotion, illness and injury prevention, and the diagnosis and treatment of illness and injury.10
Public health act	The provincial and/or territorial public health act outlines the specifications of powers and duties of public health officials for communicable disease prevention and control, environmental health hazard response, chronic disease and hazard prevention, and public health emergency response.11
Remote	The term "remote" is a term in federal use that describes a geographical area where a First Nations community is located over 350 km from the nearest service centre having year-round road access.12
Remote-isolated	The term "remote-isolated" is a term in federal use that describes a geographical area occupied by First Nations people that does not have scheduled flights, has minimal telephone or radio services and no road access.8
Reserve	The term "reserve" is used to designate an area of land set aside by the federal government for the use and occupancy of a First Nations group or band.1
Status Indians	The term "status Indian" is used to describe a person who is registered under the Indian Act. The Act sets out requirements for determining who is a status Indian.1
Tribal Council	The Tribal Council is a regional group of First Nations representatives that delivers common services to a group of First Nations.1

2. Responsibilities for Planning for and Responding to an Influenza Pandemic in On Reserve First Nations Communities

This section describes the responsibilities of the various levels of government in the planning for and response to an influenza pandemic in on reserve First Nations communities.

2.1 Health Canada (HC)

In recognition of the unique status and needs of on reserve First Nations people in Canada, Health Canada collaborates with on reserve First Nations communities to address health barriers and disease threats, and to attain health levels comparable to other Canadians living in similar locations.

In preparing for and responding to the threat of an influenza pandemic in an on reserve First Nations community, Health Canada is responsible for the following:

• Ensuring that health services are available and accessible to on reserve First Nations communities.
• Representing and raising awareness of the pandemic planning needs of on reserve First Nations communities among national and regional government and non-government stakeholders at national and provincial levels.
• Working closely with communities to advise on and support the development, testing and periodic revision of their influenza pandemic plans, which should be incorporated into already existing emergency response plans in the community.
• Providing on reserve First Nations communities with the resources to plan for an influenza pandemic, which include educational materials and training opportunities.
• Participating, in collaboration with the provinces, in the distribution, administration, and reporting (of adverse reactions) of vaccines using existing arrangements for on reserve First Nations communities.
• Participating, in collaboration with the provinces, in the management, distribution, administration, and reporting (of adverse reactions) of antiviral drugs using existing arrangements in on reserve First Nations communities.
• Maintaining a PPE stockpile for health care workers and support staff assisting in the delivery of health care services.
• Providing information and guidance, based on guidelines developed by the PHAC and/ or the provinces, to health care workers providing services in on reserve First Nations communities.

2.2 Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

PHAC works closely with the provinces and territories to improve the health of Canadians. PHAC is responsible for addressing public health emergencies and infectious disease outbreaks in Canada. It works with international and other national health authorities and stakeholders to ensure that there is clarity of roles and responsibilities and decision-making processes; enable effective, efficient and integrated federal and national health pandemic preparedness; provide linkages and coordination with provinces and territories, as well as with non-governmental and professional health organizations; and become involved with appropriate activities in the Health Portfolio and with broader Government of Canada initiatives.¹³

In preparing for and responding to the threat of an influenza pandemic in an on reserve First Nations community or any other Canadian community, PHAC is responsible for the following:

• Facilitating coordination, cooperation and partnering among the various levels of government and other stakeholders.
• Communicating the different phases of the pandemic (the responsibility of the Chief Public Health Officer of Canada) based on information provided by the World Health Organization and Canadian jurisdictions.
• As the International Health Regulations national focal point for Canada, communicating with provinces and territories, other government departments, other countries and the World Health Organization about public health events occurring in Canada and around the world, in particular those which have the potential to become public health emergencies of international concern.
• Providing a national picture of influenza activity through FluWatch.
• Identifying interpandemic and pandemic period manufacturers/suppliers of influenza vaccine and providing administrative contractual services to acquire influenza vaccine through Public Works and Government Services Canada.
• Establishing and maintaining a national influenza production vaccine capacity for pandemic needs in order to immunize the entire Canadian population, including on reserve First Nations, as soon as possible at the time of a pandemic.
• Establishing and maintaining a contingency supply of antivirals to support the provincial and territorial response.
• Leading the development of a coordinated pan-Canadian communications strategy.
• Working with Health Canada, the provinces and First Nations organizations in the development of culturally appropriate communication messages and materials for on reserve First Nations.

2.3 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada

INAC works collaboratively with First Nations, Inuit and Northerners, as well as with other federal departments and agencies, provinces and territories to protect the health and safety of First Nations, Inuit and Northerners.¹⁴

In preparing for and responding to the threat of an influenza pandemic in an on reserve First Nations community, INAC is responsible for the following:

• Ensuring the continuity of its governance and provision of essential services through implementation of the department’s Pandemic Influenza Business Continuity Plan;
• Emergency management on all reserve lands across Canada, except where the responsibility (e.g. public health) falls within the mandate of another federal department (i.e. Health Canada).

2.4 Provinces

The provinces work collaboratively with on reserve First Nations communities and FNIH regional offices during the development of provincial influenza pandemic plans to define roles and responsibilities and coordinate efforts in the management of an influenza pandemic in on reserve First Nations communities.

In preparing for and responding to the threat of an influenza pandemic in an on reserve First Nations community, the provinces, including their regional health authorities, are responsible for the following:

• Communicating the arrival of pandemic influenza within their jurisdiction.
• Integrating on reserve First Nations considerations (e.g. jurisdictional issues, remoteness of communities, access to care challenges, and other considerations as listed in section 3.4.3 Pandemic Planning Considerations for on reserve First Nations) into provincial and/or regional health authorities’ plans.
• Working towards integrating on reserve First Nations communities’ data (e.g. number of reported influenza cases) into the provincial surveillance system in a way that respects the principles of OCAP (ownership, control, access, and possession) to the extent possible.
• Providing timely and equitable access to antiviral supplies from the joint National Antiviral Stockpile to anyone who meets the criteria for early treatment, including band registered members, non status community members, and members of adjacent communities who ordinarily receive services in an on reserve health care setting. Provinces will work collaboratively with FNIH regional health officials and on reserve First Nations communities to ensure that communities are considered in the provincial antiviral distribution strategy.
• Collaborating with First Nations communities, federal government and FNIH regional health officials to support immunization plans in/for on reserve First Nations communities.
• Providing direction to local and regional health authorities regarding public health measures and their implementation during an influenza pandemic.
• Working closely with PHAC and other partners/stakeholders on provincial communications strategies while developing a coordinated provincial communication strategy that includes on reserve First Nations considerations.

2.5 First Nations Communities

Community leadership and health care providers in on reserve First Nations communities are on the front line in an influenza pandemic and play an essential role in the effective planning for and delivery of health care services.

In preparing for and responding to the threat of an influenza pandemic in an on reserve First Nations community, First Nations leadership and health care providers are responsible for the following:

• Developing, testing and regularly updating a community influenza pandemic plan in collaboration with the appropriate partners and stakeholders. The community-level influenza pandemic plan should be incorporated into already existing emergency response plans. For assistance with community plans, contact the regional offices of FNIH (Appendix 1).
• Collaborating with federal government, local and regional health authorities to ensure that all the elements of the community influenza pandemic plan are complementary in order to facilitate their execution during an influenza pandemic.

For additional information, consult the Assembly of First Nations’ document, A First Nations Wholistic Approach to Pandemic Planning: a Lesson for Emergency Planning, on the Assembly of First Nations Website .

3. Preparedness Considerations in On Reserve First Nations Communities

In developing effective plans to respond to an influenza pandemic in on reserve First Nations communities, planners are encouraged to refer to Annex A, Planning Checklists, of the CPIP for the Health Sector and other annexes referred to in this document. Annex A provides a preliminary list of planning activities developed to facilitate planning at provincial, regional and community levels.

3.1 Surveillance

Surveillance activities are critical for informing the public health response to a pandemic. They support the early detection and description of potential health threats present in Canada, including on reserve First Nations communities, and identify adverse drug reactions and drug resistance.

Pandemic planners should be aware of the existing provincial, regional and local surveillance systems used in their jurisdictions. Community surveillance activities, such as collection of influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory data, are important components of pandemic planning since the early detection of the influenza virus in Canada will have an impact on various response activities, such as the release of antiviral drugs.

FluWatch, Canada’s national influenza surveillance system, is coordinated by PHAC. FluWatch objectives are the early detection of influenza activity in Canada; the provision of timely and up-to-date information on influenza activity in Canada and abroad to professionals and the public; the monitoring of circulating strains of influenza virus, including new subtypes and antiviral resistance; and the contribution of virological surveillance information to the World Health Organization to assist with decision making for the following season’s vaccine components.

Surveillance is a key activity of monitoring and responding to the occurrence of known and unexpected serious adverse reactions to antiviral drugs and to antiviral drug resistance and effectiveness. Canada is enhancing its existing adverse reaction surveillance system, known as the Canada Vigilance Program, and will be relying on the National Microbiology Laboratory to monitor drug resistance.

Pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex N, Pandemic Influenza Surveillance Guidelines, for guidance on the standard development or enhancement of surveillance activities.

In the event of an influenza pandemic, laboratories will be instrumental in facilitating the delivery of rapid and appropriate public health responses for Canadians, including on reserve First Nations.¹⁵ Communities will not know that they have pandemic influenza until they receive a laboratory confirmation. It is critical, therefore, for pandemic planners in on reserve First Nations communities to be familiar with established provincial testing guidelines and processes to ensure that laboratory specimens are dealt with appropriately. Planners must consider geographical location and weather conditions when transporting laboratory specimens, which are time and temperature sensitive. Once the pandemic is established in a community, it is likely that viral tests will be restricted to specific indications (e.g. to rule out the emergence of a resistant strain). It will be important to look for specific testing guidelines once the pandemic virus and its epidemiology have been identified.

Pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex C, Pandemic Influenza Laboratory Guidelines, which provides guidance on laboratory testing, surveillance and data collection.

3.2 Vaccines

Vaccination is an essential public health intervention during a pandemic; it is the most effective intervention that can prevent influenza. All band registered members and non status community members of on reserve First Nations communities will have timely and equitable access to the pandemic influenza vaccine, as will other Canadians. However, there will be cases of pandemic influenza in Canada before the availability of the vaccine, which will likely not be until after the first wave of illness in the country.

All levels of government (local, regional, provincial and federal) play a role in providing the pandemic influenza vaccine to on reserve First Nations people. At the May 2006 Conference of F/P/T Ministers of Health, all Ministers reaffirmed that vaccines will be available to on reserve First Nations communities on the same basis as they are provided to other Canadians. Current immunization practices in Canada and in on reserve First Nations communities will continue unless superseded by federal/provincial agreement. Given that regional differences exist, pandemic planners for on reserve First Nations communities also need to consider how they will receive, store and administer vaccines. Because of the geographically remote or isolated location of some on reserve First Nations communities and Canada’s diverse climate, planners need to consider the challenges of maintaining the cold chain during transport when distributing pandemic influenza vaccine.

Pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex D, Preparing for the Pandemic Vaccine Response, which describes the preparations for the pandemic vaccine program that are under way at the federal and pan-Canadian levels, as well as the key planning issues.

3.3 Antivirals

Until the pandemic vaccine becomes available, antivirals (anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir, zanamivir and amantadine) may be the only specific pharmacological intervention available. Antiviral drugs can be used to prevent influenza under specific circumstances, such as outbreak control, and can also be used for early treatment of cases (within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms).¹⁶

At the May 2006 Conference of F/P/T Ministers of Health, it was reaffirmed that antiviral drugs from the joint National Antiviral Stockpile will be available to on reserve First Nations communities on the same basis as they are provided to other Canadians. The provinces, together with their regional and local partners, are responsible for implementing the antiviral program in their own jurisdictions, including on reserve First Nations communities. Since the current antiviral supplies have been allocated on a per capita basis, antivirals will be provided to all residents who meet the criteria for early treatment, including on reserve First Nations. While some differences in the implementation plans are expected, provinces will remain consistent in their uses of antivirals as indicated in Annex E; consistencies will include, but are not limited to, overall approach, eligibility for drugs, off-label use and shelf-life extensions, and communications messages. Given the criteria for early treatment of known and/or suspected influenza cases, all levels of government should discuss the feasibility of pre-positioning antivirals in remote and remote-isolated communities to assure that all on reserve First Nations people who meet the criteria for early treatment have rapid access to antivirals on the same basis as other Canadians.

Pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex E, Planning Recommendations for the Use of Anti-Influenza (Antiviral) Drugs in Canada During a Pandemic. This annex provides information to assist pandemic planners with the development and refinement of their antiviral strategies. Recommendations are intended to facilitate consistent use of antivirals across Canada at the time of an influenza pandemic and to form the basis for an effective, equitable, flexible and informed national antiviral strategy.¹⁴

3.4 Health Services Emergency Planning

3.4.1 Health Care Services in Canada

Pandemic planners should be aware that diversities exist in health care service delivery within and among regions. These diversities must be considered when developing influenza pandemic strategies and plans. For the purposes of planning, pandemic planners are encouraged to become familiar with the health care services for their region by contacting their FNIH regional representative. See Appendix 1: FNIH Regional Contacts.

The federal government, provinces, territories and communities all have key roles to play in the health care system in Canada. According to the constitutional division of powers, provincial governments have primary responsibility for organizing and delivering health and social services to their residents. Each province and territory is bound by the public health legislation in that province or territory. To receive a full cash contribution as part of the Canada Health Transfer, provinces are required to comply with the criteria in the Canada Health Act. Provinces and territories also provide specific groups with supplementary health benefits not included under the Act, such as prescription drug coverage. The level and scope of coverage for supplementary benefits varies among jurisdictions.¹⁷ More information on provincial/territorial public health legislation can be found on the Canadian Legal Information Institute Website

At the federal level, FNIHB of HC provides or funds certain health programs and services to on reserve First Nations communities, outside the northern territories. This can include the provision of public health services, primary care services and health expertise.¹⁸ Planners are referred to the Health Canada Website for more information.

3.4.2 Health Care Providers

HC provides basic primary care services in nursing stations in approximately 200 remote on reserve First Nations communities.¹⁹ It also provides public health activities such as health promotion, chronic disease prevention and infectious disease control in approximately 225 health centres.¹⁹ For region-specific information, contact the FNIH regional representative. See Appendix 1: FNIH Regional Contacts.

Not all health services in on reserve First Nations communities are provided directly by HC. Communities governed by Band Councils have the responsibility for the provision of health care services in their communities as per level-of-funding agreements.²⁰

Several types of professional and non-professional health care workers provide health care services in on reserve First Nations communities. They all assume different and complementary roles and responsibilities in the delivery of health care.

Other community members may be called upon to help in the event of an influenza pandemic in a First Nations community. For example, elders and/or traditional healers can be used to help educate the community about at-home self-assessment, to provide information on self-care and to support worried healthy persons who may be presenting with ILI symptoms.

In the event of an influenza pandemic, the professional and non-professional health care workers and volunteers are likely going to assume multiple roles during all the phases, and this may include the need for additional preparation, education and/or training. Non-professionals and volunteers will stay within the scope of practice for which they have received training before an influenza pandemic.

3.4.3 Pandemic Planning Considerations for On Reserve First Nations Communities

Planners at all levels of government should address the considerations discussed below to promote the effectiveness of the influenza pandemic plan and response, while acknowledging that regional and provincial variations exist.

Culture, language, and traditional knowledge

• Consideration: culture, language and traditional knowledge are key components in the life of on reserve First Nations. Furthermore, the concept of family and the use of traditional medicine are other components that can influence the health and well-being of on reserve First Nations.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should respect and integrate these components into the design and the delivery of health care services, including influenza pandemic planning, to promote their efficiency and effectiveness.

Potential “access to care” challenges

• Consideration: potential access to care challenges, such as the number of jurisdictions, geographical location and remoteness, and the availability, transportation and delivery of resources, may affect on reserve First Nations communities.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners at all levels of government should be aware of these potential challenges and work with partners to find possible solutions. For example, communities should work closely with their neighbouring communities for mutual support during an influenza pandemic.

Medical Officer of Health

• Consideration: responsibility for public health surveillance and the response to public health emergencies, such as an influenza pandemic, resides with a Chief Provincial Medical Officer of Health. First Nations should also be linked to a Medical Officer of Health (MOH), who falls under a Provincial Public Health Act, with the authority to collect information and take action to protect a defined population against communicable diseases. When this is not the case, Health Canada Regional Medical Officers aim to ensure compliance with provincial standards, guidelines and practices with an overall aim of integrating with provincial public health systems.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): community pandemic planners should clearly document who their MOH is in their influenza pandemic plans and should inform their health care workers. First Nations, provincial and federal health officials should clarify these linkages, roles and responsibilities as part of their influenza pandemic plans to ensure that First Nations are protected the same as other citizens. Planners for on reserve First Nations communities can consult their FNIH Regional Office (see Appendix 1: FNIH Regional Contacts) for a list of Regional Medical Officers, some of whom are designated as MOHs under their provincial legislation.

Delivery of health care services

• Consideration: the delivery of health care services varies significantly between and among federal, provincial and community levels of government. Even the enabling legislation for both public health and emergency management response may vary at different levels of government, which may present challenges when planning for an influenza pandemic in on reserve First Nations communities.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should be aware of the services available in the communities for which planning is being done, be knowledgeable regarding the enabling legislation and work closely with partners to support a coordinated and effective pandemic response. Occupational health and safety standards
• Consideration: planners should consider that different health care workers providing health care services in on reserve First Nations communities may not necessarily have the same employer. They can be federal employees, provincial employees, band employees or agency employees (hired directly by the community) and may work together in the same community. This may lead to differing levels of occupational health and safety standards.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should be knowledgeable about occupational health and safety standards and legislation; this added knowledge would help planners to foresee possible relevant issues and to identify mitigating solutions.

Staffing shortages

• Consideration: Canada, including on reserve First Nations communities, is currently facing a serious shortage of registered nurses and physicians, a shortage that will increase in the years to come.²¹ In the event of an influenza pandemic, the demand on the health care system will significantly increase, and the number of available health care workers will decrease considerably because of illness-related absenteeism and personal and/or family responsibilities.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should ensure that strategies are in place to address self-assessment in the home, self-care and the use of alternative health care workers. For example, community health representatives, elders and/or traditional healers can help with educating the community about at-home self-assessment, provide information on self-care and support the community as a whole. As well, planners could consider entering into mutual aid agreements with neighbouring health care authorities.

Mobility of on reserve First Nations

• Consideration: the actual population size of on reserve First Nations communities might increase during an influenza pandemic if band members, who have previously moved away, return to the community.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should develop a contingency plan for the possible influx of band members returning to the community and its impact on community critical infrastructure. Transportation of supplies
• Consideration: because of geographical location and weather conditions, there will be challenges with regard to transportation and delivery of resources to on reserve First Nations communities.
• Mitigation strategy(ies): planners should ensure that other arrangements are made in advance to minimize the disruption of transportation and delivery services. For example, planners should make arrangements with air carriers to safeguard continuity of service during an influenza pandemic. As well, planners could consider entering into mutual aid agreements with neighbouring communities.

3.4.4 Clinical Care for Influenza-Like-Illness in On Reserve First Nations Communities

A multitude of factors can influence the health status of an individual or a population. For many on reserve First Nations communities, culture and tradition are integral components of a holistic approach to health and well-being. The health of on reserve First Nations people is also the result of a complex interaction of many determinants, such as education, employment and income, housing and community infrastructure, and geographical location.²² These, and non-medical factors, are key components in on reserve First Nations communities and must be respected and considered in the design and the delivery of health care services, including influenza pandemic planning and response, to promote effectiveness and efficiency.

Primary and secondary assessment

This section refers pandemic planners to other annexes of the CPIP to support the assessment of patients with ILI in on reserve First Nations communities, as described below. While these annexes are important resources to guide clinicians in their assessment of ILI patients, the delivery of health care services in on reserve First Nations communities often differs from that in the rest of Canada and must be planned for accordingly.

Annex G, Clinical Care Guidelines and Tools, provides guidance to pandemic planners and clinicians in preparing for and responding to a pandemic. It describes the complementary roles of clinical care providers, the laboratories and public health in responding to a widespread infectious disease outbreak such as an influenza pandemic. With the information, advice and practical tools provided in Annex G, pandemic planners will be able to enhance clinical preparedness in their jurisdiction, and clinicians will increase their knowledge of the clinical aspects of an influenza pandemic response.²³

Annex G, Appendix 1, Pandemic Primer for Front Line Healthcare Professionals, explains the two interim clinical care guidelines, i.e. primary assessment and secondary assessment protocols, for patients presenting with ILI. These protocols offer a systematic approach to the triage of a large number of patients presenting with ILI symptoms; they are based on the best knowledge currently available and on clinical experience with seasonal influenza.

Transfer to and from acute care facilities

In some instances, it may be necessary to transfer a patient to an acute care facility because of the severity of symptoms, the extent of care needed and/or a lack of appropriate local medical equipment and services (e.g. ventilators, oxygen therapy). If transfer is necessary, health care workers should follow the guidelines already in place at their health care facility. It is important to consider infection control practices during the transportation of patients to other health care facilities, e.g. the cleaning/disinfecting of transport vehicles in between patients to minimize the transmission of the pandemic virus.

Certain circumstances, including lack of transportation capacity, unpredictable weather conditions and overwhelmed acute care facilities, may prevent the transfer of patients. For that reason planners at all levels of government need to develop mitigation strategies to deal with severely ill patients who are unable to leave the community.

Alternative care sites and alternative workers

Depending on the severity of the influenza pandemic, some on reserve First Nations communities will establish alternative sites to care for patients during an influenza pandemic. An alternative site is a location that is currently not an established health care site, or is an established health care site that usually offers a different type or level of care. These sites can be used for a variety of reasons, such as to provide health care services, to prepare food, etc. Most provinces, regions and communities will rely heavily on the help of trained volunteers, alternative workers and health care workers in the management of influenza patients in local health care establishments and alternative facilities.

During an influenza pandemic, there will also be increased demand for health human resources to care for patients and to do the work necessary to mount an effective response. Alternative workers and trained volunteers will be needed to support health care workers. For example, as previously stated, elders and/or traditional healers can help with educating the community about at-home self-assessment and supporting worried healthy persons who may be presenting with possible psychosomatic ILI symptoms.

For more in-depth information on alternative sites and alternative workers, pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex J, Guidelines for Non-Traditional Sites and Workers. This annex offers guidance on the use and administration of alternative sites, and the preparedness and operational activities that should take place during the interpandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods of an outbreak. It also focuses on the need for and identification of additional human resources as part of pandemic planning, and identifies activities by each pandemic period.²

Infection control

Within an on reserve First Nations community, as in all other communities, infection control is essential to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases, including pandemic influenza virus. Infection control is essential in health care facilities, community facilities and at home. Routine practices are to be used in the routine care of all patients at all times in all health care settings, including alternative sites. These practices include handwashing before and after caring for patients; use of PPE when splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions are possible; the cleaning of equipment, the patient’s physical environment and soiled linen; and use of every precaution to reduce the possibility of health care worker exposure.²⁴

As per article 125, part II, of the Canada Labour Code, employers are responsible for the health and safety of their employees. As HC is a federal employer that uses front-line HCWs in many First Nations communities, the Canada Labour Code is applicable. Part II of the Code, section 124, states that “every employer shall ensure that the health and safety at work of every person employed by the employer is protected.”²⁵

In community and home settings, family members should recognize that proper handwashing is the cornerstone of infection prevention and may be the only preventive measure available during a pandemic. Hands should be washed after direct contact with sick family members or their belongings. If running water is not available, an alcohol-based gel should be used. Family members should also practise good hygienic measures, i.e. dispose of tissues after use; cover nose and mouth when sneezing and coughing; wash hands after coughing, sneezing or using tissues; keep hands away from the eyes and nose; and clean shared surfaces.

Annex F, Infection Control and Occupational Health Guidelines During Pandemic Influenza in Traditional and Non-Traditional Health Care Settings, provides a detailed overview of infection prevention and control policies and procedures that will be critical for minimizing the spread of pandemic influenza and preventing other infectious diseases. This annex guides pandemic planners in the management of pandemic influenza in both traditional and alternative health care settings.

Mass fatalities

A pandemic can occur at any time with the potential to cause extensive social and economic disruption, serious illness and death throughout the world. Annex I, Guidelines for the Management of Mass Fatalities During an Influenza Pandemic, provides some information on the special religious and ethnic considerations related to the management of bodies after death. Pandemic planners should work with communities to plan for mass fatalities to assure that cultural considerations are observed. Annex I also provides information on particular issues that northern and isolated communities could encounter in dealing with large numbers of fatalities. The psychosocial impacts of mass fatalities should be considered in planning as referred to in section 3.7.

3.5 Public Health Measures

During a pandemic, community-based public health measures will be used; such as public advice on voluntary self-isolation for ill persons, travel advisories and, if necessary, school closures and cancellation of public gatherings. Public health measures are critical components of any public health intervention to manage and control an outbreak, including the response to an influenza pandemic. For example, during the SARS outbreak, public health measures were very effective strategies in managing and controlling the transmission of the disease. For that reason, it is important for regional and provincials planners to discuss with local health authorities the need for public health measures and their implementation at the community level during an influenza pandemic.

Pandemic planners are referred to the CPIP, Annex M, Public Health Measures, for more information on public health measures recommended to minimize serious illness and overall deaths, and to minimize disruption among Canadians, including on reserve First Nations communities, as a result of an influenza pandemic.²⁶

3.6 Public Communications

On reserve First Nations communities will need accurate, timely and consistent information so that they can take appropriate action to help minimize death, illness and social disruption in the event of an influenza pandemic.²⁷ As stated previously, this communication is the responsibility of all levels of government (local, regional, provincial and federal). FNIH regions will work closely with their respective provinces to ensure that communities receive timely, accurate and consistent messages during an influenza pandemic.

Annex K, Communications Annex, of the CPIP presents a cascading approach to pandemic communications that is closely aligned with the World Health Organization’s pandemic phases. Roles, responsibilities and strategies are outlined by jurisdiction and by World Health Organization pandemic phase so that communications are appropriate to the threat level.²⁷

3.7 Psychosocial Considerations

In addition to the physical health threat of an influenza pandemic, the secondary consequences will be substantial. Illness, death, caregiving responsibilities and fear of infection will place extreme demands on the health care system and contribute to sudden and significant shortages of personnel and resources in all sectors. High rates of absenteeism, public health measures and fears of infection may result in the disruption of many normal business activities, contributing significant economic downturns particularly in tourism and other service-related industries. There may be extended and multiple periods of time when community members will not be able to engage in the routines of school, work and many leisure activities while simultaneously coping with the ongoing uncertainty of the threat and the grief of losing friends, family and colleagues.

The multiple secondary consequences of the pandemic, along with the primary (medical) consequences, have significant implications for the psychological, emotional, behavioural or psychosocial well-being of individuals and communities.

The new Annex P, Pandemic Influenza Psychosocial Annex, outlines a suggested planning framework for addressing the psychosocial implications of a pandemic influenza or any large-scale public health emergency. The annex is not prescriptive in structure; rather, it is based on the assumption that activities will be undertaken in accordance with local organizational structures and arrangements.

3.8 Ethics

There are a variety of ethical principles that guide decision making during any emergency, including an influenza pandemic. Pandemic planners should apply ethical principles to guide their planning and decision making at the local, regional and provincial levels.

More information on ethical principles in pandemic planning can be found in the background section of the CPIP as well as in Annex G, Clinical Care Guidelines and Tools.²³

4. Conclusion

According to the World Health Organization, the main reasons to invest in pandemic preparedness are to improve public health infrastructure through pandemic planning, as it has immediate and lasting benefits that increase overall response capacity for all threats to public health, and to strengthen coordination among all levels of government in their response activities.²⁸

Being well prepared is a critical aspect in assuring that on reserve First Nations communities can mitigate the effects of an influenza pandemic. Incorporating the broad range of considerations outlined in this annex into influenza pandemic plans will support an effective response in the event of an influenza pandemic. It is also vital for on reserve First Nations communities to work with their neighbouring communities and regional, provincial and federal governments to develop, test and implement their pandemic plans. Communities with tested pandemic plans will be better prepared to respond to the threats of an influenza pandemic, thus minimizing illness, death and community disruption.

Annex B was prepared by the Communicable Disease Control Division of HC’s FNIHB and is a direct result of engagement with key internal and external stakeholders.

References

1. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Terminology Guide. 2008. Available at: http://www.aincinac. gc.ca/ap/tln-eng.asp.
2. Public Health Agency of Canada. The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Annex J: Guidelines for Non-Traditional Sites and Workers. 2006. Available at: http://www.phacaspc. gc.ca/cpip-pclcpi/ann-j-eng.php.
3. The Language of Law – Dictionary and Research Guide. Canada Health Act. 2008. Available at: http://www.123exp-law.com/t/03784177563/.
4. Human Resources and Social Development Canada. Fire Safety Requirements for Health Stations, Health Centres, Nursing Stations. 2007. Available at: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/ labour/fire_protection/policies_standards/guidelines/nurse/page03.shtml.
5. Health Canada. Health Portfolio. 2008. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/minist/ portfolio/index-eng.php.
6. Public Health Agency of Canada. Key Facts on Pandemic Influenza. 2007. Available at: http:// www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/influenza/pikf-eng.php.
7. Public Health Agency of Canada. The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Glossary of Terms and List of Acronyms. 2006. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cpippclcpi/ glos-eng.php#i.
8. Health Canada. First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health –Ten Years of Health Transfer First Nation and Inuit Control – Agreements. June, 2005. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ fniah-spnia/pubs/finance/_agree-accord/10_years_ans_trans/5_agreement-entente-eng. php#Agreements.
9. Canadian Legal Information Institute. Public Health Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. P-37. Available at: http:// www.iijcan.org/ab/laws/sta/p-37/20060217/whole.html.
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11. British Columbia Government, Ministry of Health Services. Public Health Act. Available at: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/phact/index.html.
12. First Nations and Northern Statistical Section, Corporate Information Management, Directorate Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Basic Departmental Data 2002. Available at: http://www. ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/rs/pubs/sts/bdd/bdd02/bdd02-eng.asp.
13. Public Health Agency of Canada. About the Agency. 2008. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc. gc.ca/about_apropos/index-eng.php.

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14. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. About INAC. 2008. Available at: http://www.ainc-inac. gc.ca/ai/index-eng.asp.
15. Public Health Agency of Canada. The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Annex C – Pandemic Influenza Laboratory Guidelines. 2008. Available at: http://www.phacaspc. gc.ca/cpip-pclcpi/ann-c-eng.php.
16. Public Health Agency of Canada. The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Annex E: Planning Recommendations for the Use of Anti-Influenza (Antiviral) Drugs in Canada During a Pandemic. 2006. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cpip-pclcpi/ann-e-eng.php#2.
17. Health Canada. Provincial/Territorial Role in Health. 2004. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/index-eng.php.
18. Health Canada. Office of Nursing Services. 2007. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/ branch-dirgen/fnihb-dgspni/ons-bsi/index-eng.php.
19. Health Canada. 2009-2010 Reports on Plans and Priorities. Available at: http://www.tbs-sct. gc.ca/rpp/2009-2010/inst/shc/shc-eng.pdf.
20. Health Canada. First Nations, Inuit and Aboriginal Health/Nursing. 2007. Available at: http:// www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/branch-dirgen/fnihb-dgspni/ons-bsi/index-eng.php.
21. Spurgeon D. Canada faces nursing shortage. BMJ 2000;320:1030. Available at: http://www.bmj. com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1030.
22. Health Council of Canada. A Statistical Profile on the Health of First Nations in Canada. 2005. Available at: http://healthcouncilcanada.ca.c9.previewyoursite.com/docs/papers/2005/ BkgrdHealthyCdnsENG.pdf.
23. Public Health Agency of Canada. Ethics of clinical care during public health emergencies. In: Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Annex G: Clinical Care Guidelines and Tools. 2008. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cpip-pclcpi/ann-g-eng.php#12.
24. Public Health Agency of Canada. The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector. Annex F: Infection Control and Occupational Health Guidelines During Pandemic Influenza In Traditional and Non-Traditional Health Care Settings. 2006. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc. gc.ca/cpip-pclcpi/ann-f-eng.php.
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28. World Health Organization. Pandemic Preparedness. 2008. Available at: http://www.who.int/ csr/disease/influenza/pandemic/en/

Appendix 1: FNIH Regional Contacts

Pandemic planners are referred to their FNIH regional offices for information on regional diversities and for guidance on influenza pandemic planning. Please direct your questions to the offices listed below.

FNIH Region	Telephone	Address
British Columbia Region	604-666-9106	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada 540-757 West Hastings Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3E6
Alberta Region	780-495-5439	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada 9700 Jasper Avenue, Suite 730 Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4C3
Saskatchewan Region	306-780-3427	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada 4th Floor, 2045 Broad Street Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3T7
Manitoba Region	204-983-4199	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada 391 York Avenue, Suite 300 Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 4W1
Ontario Region	807-737-5865	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada 64 King St., P.O. Box 1500 Sioux Lookout, Ontario P8T 1C2
Quebec Region	514-283-6338	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada Guy-Favreau Complex, East Tower, Suite 216 200 René-Lévesque Boulevard West Montreal, Quebec H2Z 1X4
Atlantic Region	902-426-8568	First Nations and Inuit Health Branch Health Canada Suite 1525, 15th Floor, Maritime Centre 1505 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3Y6

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